Globalizaton Essay -- Economics Economy Papers

Globalization is a term that has become very popular in recent times. It is a concept with many differing definitions. Thomas L. Friedman, author of The Lexus and the Olive Tree, describes globalization as a movement that enables individuals, corporations, and countries to reach around the globe farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. Globalization is the spread of free market capitalism to virtually every country in the world. Countries are encouraged to allow free trade, privatization and competition. Basically, it involves worldwide integration of both economic and political ideals. Globalization is becoming more popular and more accessible mainly because of the recent advancements in technology. Many believe it to be a positive phenomenon, while others believe that it is very bad. The rise and spread of globalization has brought along with it many supporters and opponents. Benefits of globalization are that it creates jobs, generates prosperity, raises standards of living all around the world and much more. When companies do business in other countries more jobs are created. Companies such as Nike, Levis, Coca-cola are constantly building factories in less developed countries, such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Dominican Republic and many more. These factories are providing jobs for thousands of people who would otherwise not be able to find work anywhere else. This helps the human rights issue and can be beneficial for the overall economy of the country as well as the individual. James Robinson, former head of American Express said, "I think it's helping human rights because what it's doing is it's giving jobs to people at salary levels that they never had access to before. So in time I think this becomes more self... ...obalization. October 2000 The World Trade Organization. www.wto.org Geneva, Switzerland. October 2002 Public Broadcasting Service. Transcript: Globalization and Human Rights. www.pbs.org. October 2002 Panayotou, Theodore. Globalization and Environment: CID Working Paper No. 53. July 2000 North American Free Trade Agreement. "NAFTA: A Foundation for Canada's Future Prosperity." http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/nafta-alena/over-en.asp Canada. September 2003 FDI Magazine. "Egyptian Endeavors." www.fdimagazine.com. December 2003. Hill, Charles. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 Tseng, Wanda and Zebregs, Harm. Foreign Direct Investment in China: Some Lessons for Other Countries. International Monetary Fund, February 2002.

Marketing Report Bokomo Foods Essay

1.0. A report presenting market data in order to inform a cereal company Bokomo Ltd. To consider whether to expand more in the United Kingdom market. 2.0 Executive summary. This is a short report, containing marketing data on both the cereal market and a specific business, Bokomo UK. The data was obtained from secondary marketing research. Bokomo ´s website was one of the main reference guide. With the findings and analysis, it was recommended that Bokomo should expand their own brand products more in the UK. The PEST analysis of the UK grocery industry included in this report was used to highlight the external factors that can affect Bokomo’s operation and interpret how these factors will influence Bokomo. Furthermore, through the market analysis it was found that Kellogg’s and Weetabix mainly lead the cereal industry, followed by Nestle and Jordans. These companies have a wide range of brands targeted at different consumers, and they have customer loyalty, which can make it harder for newer companies to enter this sector. As mentioned before, in the cereal market there are a large variety of targeted consumers like children, women, and families. The main key trends in the market are convenient snacks and consciousness towards health. Apart from that, own branded labels are also gaining popularity as they offer consumers the same product at a cheaper price. SWOT analysis allowed us to devise the company’s internal analysis. Strengths included their well-known reputation and customers such as large food retailers (Tesco ´s), to which they sell manufacture and packaging services. Weaknesses consist of the negative aspects the company faces, including their not household name, and general negative publicity they face in this complex sector. Opportunities were devised from the social factors from the PEST analysis as changes in consumer tastes and trends are opportunities were this company can benefit from by meeting those needs. These were also  an important part of the report as it affected the final recommendations for the company. Threats included the financial recession and increasing levels of immigration. Bokomo Foods is a major cereal producer in the United Kingdom, established around 80 years ago. Despite not being a household name, is a UK leading cereal maker and the company has achieved diversity by producing a range of own-label products. Furthermore, they manufacture branded products for large companies, as well as branded packaging services like Bag in Box, Pot or Pouch. All of these services are for leading retailers such as Tesco ´s, Sainsbury ´s and Morrison’s, among many others. 3.0 Introduction + Aim. This is a report whose aim is to present market data in order to inform Bokomo plc. a cereal company, whether further expansion in the UK market is beneficial at this time. The report will identify and analyse the current business situation, using SWOT analysis, and review the macroeconomic perspective of the general UK grocery industry using PEST analysis. The SWOT analysis will help us examine the specific company factors, as it is essential to understand these in order to relate them back to the PEST and market trends. Both internal and external factors affect how Bokomo will operate now and in the future. 4.0 The grocery market environment – PEST analysis 4.1 Political Political factors have a great influence on the analysis of external factors since they are determined by the degree of government intervention in the economy. The political situation in the UK is stable. Her Majesty’s Government, led by Prime Minister David Cameron of the Conservative Party, is mainly concerned about the financial crisis affecting economies all over the world and to strengthen the economic position of UK globally. Through employment legislations, the government encourages retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally-located jobs (Balchin, 1994). Migration has a large impact on the grocery industry, as it provides new customers, as well as opportunities for supermarkets to cater to the different culinary cultures of immigrants. Migration also leads to a change in size of labour pool, which could have an effect on the availability of workers. Latest figures from the Office for National Statistics show some 503,000 people came to live in the UK in the year ending June 2013, compared with 517,000 people the previous year (ONS.gov, 2013). 4.2 Economic Economic factors are important to consider in regard to the UK grocery market, as they are highly influential to demand, costs, prices, and profit. One of the most influential factors on the economy is high unemployment level, which decreases the effective demand for many goods, adversely affecting the demand required to produce such goods. Unemployment in the UK is at 7.1% as of January 2014, according to BBC. Another highly relevant economic factor is the grocery market size and the market growth. IGD forecast that the UK grocery market value will be worth  £205.9bn in 2018, a 21.3% increase on 2013 (IGD.com, 2013). This is beneficial news to Bokomo, since any expansion would be possible in regard to the availability of area in the market to expand. Another market characteristic of importance is the amount of spending on groceries in regard to overall retail expenditure in the UK. The grocery market’s share accounts for 54.9p in every  £1 of UK retail spending (IGD.com, 2013). 4.3 Social According to Askew (2013) sales in the cereal industry have been under pressure in these past years, especially due to the changing social trends and habits of consumers. Even though sales in this market have been stable, growth has been slow. Traditional breakfast habits have changed and people consume fewer cereals because of a busier lifestyle. Also increasing number of consumers skip breakfast. An increase in female workers has also had an impact on this, which is why competition for convenient options is growing  more each time. An increasing number of people now look for easy and quick alternatives to sitting down and eating. However, they expect to receive the same nutrients and healthy benefits with these convenient options. A growing number of women now pay special attention to what they are eating, checking the labeling, nutritional information and ingredients of each product. Increasingly, women have a greater concern with their weight and healthy eating. Lately, the demand for children’s cereals has declined because of the sugar content it has. Cereal companies use marketing to their advantage and attract kids with unhealthy products. Their main source has been television adverts and most of the cereals for children have high sugar content with low nutritional value, a fact of which more parents are aware. Apart from consumer concerns about health, they are also becoming more aware of the environment. In this specific market, many cereal companies now control their water use, energy use, waste produced, etc. Most of them also pay close attention to the packaging of the product, like using recycled packaging. Another social factor that affects the grocery market in general is the diverse culture in UK. There are so many people with different cultures that do not choose cereals as their first choice for breakfast; instead they have their own eating habits. Therefore, it is important for the producers in the grocery market to understand the needs of the entire population and meet them. Furthermore, supermarket own-brand products have gained a lot of popularity because of the economic downturn. As consumers have limited spending power, they prefer spending on a cheaper product that allows them to get the same benefits. 4.4 Technological In the present technological age, everyone, from personal to professional  interaction, is highly reliant on technology. Therefore, technological advances are important for the development and maintenance of business culture. Advances in technology have allowed the grocery industry to grow. An excellent example is the demise of Blockbuster, who was reluctant to explore online options, and their consequent refusal to buy Netflix and to adapt to changing trends lead to their bankruptcy and final closure on January 14, 2014. Online grocery shopping holds 11% of the distribution channels of the UK grocery market and predictions suggest online sales in the US will grow by 15% in 2014 to  £189.3 billion, while in Europe, sales are expected to rise by 18% to  £131.2 billion. Online shopping has helped people spend their day more efficiently and reduced the effort of having to carry heavy grocery bags. Technological advances at the supermarket has contributed to more efficient customer service and stocking efforts. The adoption of Electronic Point of Sale (EPoS), Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTPoS) and electronic scanners have greatly improved the efficiency of distribution and stocking activities, with needs being communicated almost in real time to the supplier (Finch, 2004). Devices such as the self-checkout machine and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have permitted the grocery industry to grow and accommodate customers in an effective way. 5.0 Description of product specific market 5.1 Main competitors The leading cereal brands and the biggest competitors of Bokomo cereals in the UK are Kellogg’s and Weetabix, reported Companies&Markets (2013). Kellogg’s arrived in the UK in 1922 and since then has maintained its position in the market, by focusing on innovation and expansion of their products. In 2012, it had 32% of value share, leading in the UK cereal market offering a wide range of products. Over the years, Kellogg’s has expanded to over 180 countries in the world and has around 39 brands of cereals. Weetabix, on the other hand, was launched in 1932; it has been a  long-standing brand and has fought its competitors to stay in this position in the UK. Weetabix has also introduced many different brands and has been innovating to adapt to consumer preferences over the years. Also Jordans, a breakfast cereal company based in Bedfordshire, founded in 1855. Although, the company produced its first cereal in 1981 called Original Crunchy, it was in the years between 2000 and 2005 when it faced rapid growth and became one of the largest cereal brands in the UK. Its great focus over the years has been on the packaging, to make it stand out in grocery stores and it is also known to be included in the â€Å"healthy, natural cereal segment† Moreover, Nestle formed in 1990. It was launched as a joint venture between General Mills and Nestle S.A. and named Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW). They offer the traditional cereals, as well as a range of brands including the world-known Cheerios. 5.2 Targeted consumers Cereal companies target many different kinds of people, although the easiest group of people to target has been children. BMSG (2013) stated they do it through advertisements on television, and somehow try to grab their attention by creating colourful, animated images and providing gifts in the cereal box each time. Another group targeted in this sector are the women because of their increasing concern for health and weight loss. Along with the children, women also form a big part of the consumers of this market. Nowadays, there are so many brands that have launched low-fat cereals and cereal bars also. Some also provide some advice, tips and dietary plans, Nytimes article (2010). Generally, families in the UK are also targeted consumers because some families still sit and have their meals together and believe that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Apart from that, families are more concerned with what they are eating, especially making sure that the smaller ones eat healthy (Marketingmagazine(2010) Unlike maybe some students at university who would not pay so much attention to their breakfast, particularly not on a daily basis. 5.3 Key trends in the cereal market Marketingmagazine (2008) stated A rising key trend in the cereal industry is the quick and convenient ‘good to go’ snacks, like cereal bars. Cereal bars have gained a lot of popularity among a wide range of audience in recent years because people not having time for breakfast. Due to this reason, there has been a significant decline in the sales of the cereal market. Companies have been mostly focusing on this convenient aspect of the market so that people don’t just skip breakfast entirely and their business doesn’t face a loss. As health also plays a crucial role in this market and recently people are more conscious about what they are putting in their body, convenient snacks are the best option as they cover both points. Nowadays, ‘good to go’ snacks are not just used for breakfast but also during the entire day as an alternative to other unhealthy snacks. As a result of the sudden popularity of these snacks, now there are a great variety of them in different formats. On the other hand, the popularity of own branded labels is growing in the grocery market. It saves consumers a significant amount of money and they offer a similar or better quality product. It has resulted in a much higher level of competition in the market. 5.4 SWOT Analysis Bokomo website (2014) 5.4.1 Strengths Bokomo is UK’s leading cereal maker; this is a major strength as they have established a firm position in the British cereal market. They operate in various markets inside the cereal industry, providing food manufacture, retailing and catering. Bokomo can provide tasty, fresh cereal products any business is looking for, at a very competitive and cost-effective price†. British company (although owned by South Africa’s Pioneer Foods) with substantial manufacturing plants in Wellingborough and Peterborough. This means Bokomo has the resources and specialist expertise to offer unique flexible manufacturing and packaging services. Companies needing a brand-new  breakfast cereal raced through New Product Development (NPD) or an innovative production line set up in record time can contact Bokomo. This makes them have an advantage as nowadays there are many organisations looking for branded cereal products. Bokomo is a world-class player, and in order to maintain that s tatus they need world-class facilities. They have two factories in the UK, specifically in Wellingborough and Peterborough. These factories offer them a cutting-edge manufacturing plant, in other words, the latest, high quality, reliable and sustainable facilities. This leads to the production of high quality products. Food standards are also controlled and supported by SAP business information software, which makes customers feel more confident and secure with the products and services Bokomo delivers. Bokomo ´s experts in the management team and the company ´s aim of constantly innovating and removing old production facilities has helped them produce large quantities of high quality products very efficiently and to the shortest imaginable lead-times. Their customers know Bokomo as a business that main objectives is to offer high quality products. This has been maintained by using high quality ingredients and top experts in recipe formulation. They are one of only 2 manufactures that produce wheat biscuits in the Northern hemisphere enabled them to have the largest control and knowledge of this production process. Even if Bokomo UK is based in the United Kingdom, they have also diversified. Geographic market diversification has enabled them to sell in many countries around Europe, Scandinavia and even as far as the United States of America or the United Arab Emirates 5.4.2 Weaknesses Bokomo stated â€Å"you’ve possibly never heard of us† – this means that individual customers do not know them as their own – branded products is very niche, and they are more specialized in producing in a business to business way. This is a very common weakness for companies that operate Behind the Brand. Constant changing of consumer’s tastes (opting for cereal bars, instant porridge or other breakfast solutions) can be considered a weakness, as its difficult and expensive to innovate and keep up to meet their needs. Difficulties to compete with well known brands cereals  products such as Corn Flakes, Crunchy Nut, Special K. Have to create a delicious product that attracts customers quickly and expensive to implement the R&D and marketing. On the other hand it can also be considered and opportunity. Negative publicity to which ready-to-eat cereals have been subjected due to their high sugar content 5.4.3 Opportunities Social trends are important opportunities for Bokomo. Customers aiming towards healthy living or any other lifestyle changes means there is an opportunity towards which research and operate in. They have achieved and been keeping up to date with this as they have many products related to this trend. Great health benefits, such as products enabling the final consumer to control cholesterol levels. Multi-grain flake is another trend and potential opportunity for Bokomo. Consumers are changing their tastes towards healthier goods, and leaving behind old-fashioned sugary confections. Consumers are also increasingly purchasing Branflakes as they are considered to be great for supporting a healthy digestive system. Another trend â€Å"busier schedules†, people are increasingly feeling they have no time to spend on having breakfast and snacks. Bokomo muesli is available to cater for the increasing demand for â€Å"breakfast on the go†. They offer them in bags and boxes, which facilitates the final customer to transport to their work place. This is an example of an opportunity for Bokomo because if they keep-up to date with trends, they will become more efficient and desirable for large retailers to purchase their products, and everyone will benefit form the sales. UK retailers are also focusing on added-value products: Add value by introducing natural minerals and vitamins into whole grain wheat and making the final product more healthy and nutritional. Own-label share of the business mix for large supermarket retailers. It is a main direction for Bokomo to go towards to as they can increase considerably their business operations, as the focus is now towards manufacturing own-label and branded products. Bokomo has realized the immense potential for expansion as the large retailers keep increasing the sale of this type of good. ‘One-stop’ shopping, or shopping in large supermarkets were customers can find any type of product in the same building has been  beneficial for Bokomo as these businesses are their main clients. If they increase their sales, Bokomo will also benefit from this, as they will sell them more and so increase revenue will mean increase levels of profitability. 5.4.4 Threats The cereal industry offers products which are considered to be relatively expensive, which can be easily replaced with simpler breakfast choices such as bread. The financial recession has been a main factor for the decrease in expenditure, specially concerning families, as there are other much cheaper products to replace the cereals and cereal bars. High unemployment has made a substantial impact on the demand for such goods, adversely affecting the demand required to product those goods. Increasing levels of immigration specially in the UK, has meant that they do not have the same culinary cultures and so those breakfast products will not satisfy the needs and wants of everyone. 5.0 Recommendations With the above analysis it is better for the company to target smaller retailers where their own labeled products won’t be affected by competitive brands like Kellogg’s, and when they achieve this they should concentrate more on developing their own branded products around the UK. As mentioned above in the SWOT analysis, cereal products are considered to be expensive due to the added value implemented on them so it would be better to decrease these levels of adding value and start off with lower prices, in recession periods. 6.0 Limitations Bokomo website allowed us to obtain up-to-date and official information and statistics of the company. The information was limited because the company sold themselves and emphasized on its positive aspects because they have to promote their brand to the consumers. A part from this we also used other sources including, online articles about food industry, which helped us, get an un-biased view of the company and the cereal market as a whole. The  drawback of using other sources or secondary research was that the methods used were unknown so we examined the most official and valid sources. 7.0 References Askew, K. 2013. Breakfast cereal: Are cereal sales going soggy? [Online] Available at: http://www.just-food.com/analysis/are-cereal-sales-in-developed-markets-going-soggy_id123417.aspx Bainbridge, J. 2010. Sector insight: Breakfast cereals | Marketing Magazine. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/990662/sector-insight-breakfast-cereals Bainbridge, J. 2008. Sector Insight: Cereal bars | Marketing Magazine. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/817580/sector-insight-cereal-bars Balchin, A. (1994) Part-time Workers in the Multiple Retail Sector: Small Change from Employment Protection Legislation? Employee Relations, Vol. 16 Iss: 7, pp.43 – 57 BBC News. 2014. UK unemployment rate drops to 7.1%. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25841570 BERKELEY, C. 2013. Cereal companies leverage online marketing to target children with sugary products | Berkeley Media Studies Group. [Online] Available at: http://w ww.bmsg.org/newsroom/news-releases/cereal-companies-leverage-online-marketing-to-target-children-with-sugary-products Bodimeade, M. 2013. UK breakfast cereals market dominated by Kellogg’s and Weetabix. [Online] Available at: http://www.companiesandmarkets.com/News/Food-and-Drink/UK-breakfast-cereals-market-dominated-by-Kelloggs-and-Weetabix/NI6602 Bokomo.co.uk. n.d. About | Bokomo. [Online] Available at: http://bokomo.co.uk/about Business News Daily (November 22, 2013) PEST Analysis: Definition and Examples, Available at: http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5512-pest-analysis-definition-examples-templates.html Euromonitor.com. 2013. Breakfast Cereals in the United Kingdom. [Online] Available at: http://www.euromonitor.com/breakfast-cereals-in-the-united-kingdom/report Igd.com. 2013. UK Grocery Retailing. [Online] Available at: http://www.igd.com/our-expertise/Retail/retail-outlook/3371/UK-Grocery-Retailing/ Internetretailing.net (March 18, 2014) UK retailers expected to make

Bullying Is An Emotional And Physical Draining Issue

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Part of the Team Essay - 2538 Words

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Teams Utilizing teamwork has been a key to the success of our militaryRead MoreStudent Council At My School As Part Of Their Logistics Team2197 Words   |  9 PagesAdditional Activities: Student Council: In 2013-2014, I became involved with the Student Council at my school as part of their logistics team. This experience was crucial to my leadership journey because I gained a deeper understanding of working with the school administration by having the experience of organizing the biggest school events of the year. With the Student Council, I had the chance to organize BOSSILICIOUS, our back to school barbeque. My role involved contributing ideas that wouldRead MoreOral Healthcare Practitioners As A Part Of The Health Care Team Essay2075 Words   |  9 PagesOral healthcare practitioners function as a part of the health care team and have the statutory obligation to abide by several acts and codes of practice at all times. In New Zealand, these include The Code of Health and Disability Services Consumer’s Rights Regulation 1996 and The Privacy Act which were developed to protect the benefits of patients who seek dental care from their respective oral health practitioners. The Code of Rights functions as regulation under The Health and Disability CommissionerRead MoreConflict, Job Designs, And Teams Are A Important Part Of Todays Organizations1014 Words   |  5 Pages and teams are a very important part of today’s organizations. Conflict is a struggle between people that have d ifferent views, ideas, values, goals, and beliefs (Popovic Hocenski, 2009, p.15). Conflict is inevitable. However it can be beneficial for the organization if the conflict is managed correctly. There are many different ways that conflict can be managed. One of the ways that conflict can be managed is through collaboration. Conflict can happen in a team setting. The use of teams has becomeRead MoreDescribe How You Have Collaborated As Part Of A Multidisciplinary Team1501 Words   |  7 Pagesas part of a multidisciplinary team in order to diagnose this patient’s condition? How have you contributed to the effective working of this team? (4 marks) In the practical I was on the clinical biochemistry bench. My role was to carry out the cholesterol test for Mr Smith. The results for the cholesterol test were essential in the diagnosis as it could indicate whether Mr Smith was at risk of heart disease. Throughout the practical all students worked together as a multidisciplinary team. A

How does an organization create customer value - 1202 Words

How does an organization create customer value? Marketing experts Don Peppers and Martha Rogers said: â€Å"Without customers, you don’t have a business.† It is such a simple, nevertheless, a scary thought. We live in a world of consumerism, in which the customer’s wants and desires greatly exceed their basic needs. Even though many see this concept as a threat to modern world society, it has created the extremely competitive marketplace for businesses. The companies are competing everyday to win over as many customers as possible by offering products that create irreplaceable value and benefit to those customers. Many companies will succeed in getting the customers to buy into their value and benefit however, the true success of a business†¦show more content†¦Many people don’t like to hear complaints, but when there is money involved there will be complaining. The first step in making the company valuable to the customer is by making complaints easier and more accessible. By doing this the c ompany makes it personable, consequently creating the value of importance for the customer instead of making them just a number. Benjamin Franklin said, â€Å"Well done is better than well said†. Companies might say they will make it personal and resolve the issue, but then you are put on hold for thirty minutes when you call in for a complaint, or your car might have to stay in the shop two days longer than anticipated. When inconveniencing the customer in moments like these, any effort to help the customer resolve the issue thereafter may be futile. That may very well be the last time the company will deal with that particular customer. The second step in creating value for the customer is the speed at which the issue will be resolved. It might sound clichà ©, but time is money, and an attorney that has to be on hold for thirty minutes might have lost the opportunity to earn two hundred dollars. He might take it personal and go to your competitor. According to Kotler Kel ler (2009), â€Å"Of the customers who register a complaint, between 54% and 70% will do business with the organization again if their complaint is resolved. The figure goes up to a staggering 95% if the customer feels theShow MoreRelatedCreating Customer Value1348 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Assignment: How does an organization create customer value? Description Marketing is one business function that deals with customers. Creating customer value and satisfaction is at the heart of modern marketing thinking, concepts and practice. ThisRead MoreThe Value Proposition Of My Company Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagessentence of less than 20 words, what benefits does your idea deliver to buyers/users? My idea is to create a computer software company that creates cell phone applications and website for people. 2 What is the Value Proposition that your company or organization offers to solve customer problems and satisfy their needs? 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While business models can be complex and unique, a basic understanding and definition of a business model is important for success. To simplify the complexities of defining a business model, one can view customer segments, value propositions, channesl, customer relationships

ROBERT Frost has been Essay Example For Students

ROBERT Frost has been Essay discovering America all hislife. He has also beendiscovering the world; andsince he is a really wisepoet, the one thing has beenthe same thing as the other. He is more than a NewEngland poet: he is morethan an American poet; heis a poet who can beunderstood anywhere byreaders versed in mattersmore ancient and universalthan the customs of onecountry, whatever thatcountry is. Frosts countryis the country of humansense: of experience, ofimagination, and ofthought. His poems start athome, as all good poemsdo; as Homers did, asShakespeares, asGoethes, and asBaudelaires; but they endup everywhere, as only thebest poems do. This ispartly because his wisdomis native to him, and could not have been suppressed by any circumstance; it ispartly, too, because his education has been right. He is our least provincial poetbecause he is the best grounded in those ideasGreek, Hebrew, modernEuropeans and even Orientalwhich make for well-built art at any time. He doesnot parade his learning, and may in fact not know that he has it: but there in hispoems it is, and it is what makes them so solid, so humorous, and so satisfying. His many poems have been different from one another and yet alike. They are thework of a man who has never stopped exploring himselfor, if you like, America,or better yet, the world. He has been able to believe, as any good artist must, thatthe things he knows best because they are his own will turn out to be true for otherpeople. He trusts his own feelings, his own doubts, his own certainties, his ownexcitements. And there is absolutely no end to these, given the skill he needs tostate them and the strength never to be wearied by his subject matter. The objectin writing poetry Frost has said, is to make all poems sound as different aspossible from each other. But for this, in addition to the tricks any poet knows,we need the help of contextmeaningsubject matter. That is the greatest helptowards variety. All that can be done with words is soon told. So also with meters. . . . The possibilities for tune from the dramatic tones of meaning struck across therigidity of a limited meter are endless. And we are back in poetry as merely onemore art of having something to say, sound or unsound. Probably better if sound,because deeper and from wider experience.Frost is one of the most subtle of modern poets in that department where so muchcriticism rests, the department called technique; but the reason for his subtlety isseldom noticed. It is there because it has to be, in the service of somethinginfinitely more important: a report of the world by one who lives in it without anycause to believe that he is different from other persons except for the leisure he hasgiven himself to walk about and think as well as possible concerning all the thingshe sees; and to take accurate note of the way they strike him as he looks. What theyare in themselves is not to be known; or who he is, either, if all his thought is ofhimself; but when the two come together in a poem, testimony may result. This iswhat Frost means by subject matter, and what any poet had better mean if heexpects to be read. Frost is more and more read, by old readers and by young, because in this crucialand natural sense he has so much to say. He is a generous poet. His book confidesmany discoveries, and shares with its readers a world as wild as it is wideadangerous world, hard to live in, yet the familiar world that is the only one weshall ever have, and that we can somehow love for the bad things in it as well asthe good, the unintelligible as well as the intelligible. Frost is a laconic New Englander: that is to say, he talks more than anybody. Hetalks all the time. The inhabitants of New England accuse one another of talkingtoo much, but all are guilty together, all are human; for man is a talking animal,and never more so than when he is trying to prove that silence is best. Frost hasexpressed the virtue of silence in hundreds of poems, each one of them moreingenious than the last in the way it takes of suggesting that it should not have beenwritten at all. The greatest people keep still. There may be little or much beyond the grave,But the strong are saying nothing until they see. Joking aside, Frost is a generous giver. He is not, thank heaven, one of thoseexiguous modern poetsJoseph Wood Krutch has called them costivewho hopeto be loved because they have delivered so little: the fewer the poems the better thepoet. The fact is that the greatest poets have been, among other things, prolific:they have had much to say, and nothing has prevented them from keeping at it tillthey died. Contrary to a certain legend, good poets get better with age, as Thomas Hardy foranother instance did. The Collected Poems of Hardy are a universe through whichthe reader may travel forever, entertained as he goes by the same paradox as thatwhich appears in the Complete Poems of Frost: the universe in question ispresented as a grim, bleak place, but the longer one stares at it the warmer itseems, and the more capable of justifying itself beneath the stars. By an almostillicit process it manages in the end to sing sweetly of itselfnot sentimentally, oras if it leaned upon illusion, but with a deep sweetness that truth cannot disturb. Similarities Between Poe's Life And His Works EssayFrost never says these things either; his poems only suggest them, and suggestfurther things that contradict them. His muse, like the truth, is cantankerous; itkeeps on turning up fresh evidence against itself. And yet we cannot miss thealways electric presence of oppositiontwo things or persons staring at each otheracross some kind of wall. Frost has no interest in doors that do not lock, in friendswho do not know they are enemies too, or in enemies who do not know how topretend they are friends, and even believe it as far as things can go. His drumlinwoodchuck sits forth from his habitation like one who invites the world to comeand visit him; but he never forgets the two-door burrow at his back. So Frosthimself can reflect upon the triple bronze that guards him from infinity: his skin,his house, and his country. If he is greatly interested in the stars, and no poet ismore so, the reason is that they are another world which he can see from this one,and accept or challenge as the mood of the moment dictates. They burn in theirplaces as he burns in his, and it is just as well that neither fire can consume theother; yet each of them is a fire, and secretly longs to mingle with its far neighbor. The great thing about man for Frost is that he has the power of standing still wherehe is. He is on the earth, and it is only one of many places, and perhaps everyother place is better. But this is his place, where in spite of his longing to leave ithe can stay till his time comes. Like any other distinguished person, Frost lives intwo worlds at once: this one, and another one which only makes it more attractive. The superiority of the other one is what proves the goodness of the one we have,which doggedly we keep on loving, as doggedly it tolerates and educates us if welet it do so. Wisdom is enduring it exactly as it is; courage is being familiar with itand afraid of it in the right proportions; temperance is the skill to let it be; andjustice is the knowledge that between it and you there will always be a loversquarrel, never to die into cold silence and never to be made up. The main thing isthe mutual respect. Not that Frost wants us to think he knows everything. If, as they say, some dust thrown in my eyes Will keep my talk from getting overwise, Im not the one for putting off the proof. Let it be overwhelming, off a roof And round a corner, blizzard snow for dust, And blind me to a standstill if it must. His vision is the comic vision that doubts even itself. But it remembers all it can ofwhat it always knew, and rests, in so far as the mind can ever rest, on the sum ofits memories. The comic genius ignores nothing that seems true, howeverinconvenient it may be for something else that seems as true. The groundwork of all faith is human woe. . . . Theres nothing but injustice to be had,No choice is left a poet you might add, But how to take the curse, tragic or comic. The choice of Frost is clear. His humor, an indispensable thing in any great poet,is in his case the sign that he has decided to see everything that he can see. No manof course sees all the world, but the poorest man is the one who blinds himself. The man with his eyes open has the best chance to understand things, includingthose things his ancestors have said. The minister says of the old lady who used tolive in The Black Cottage:One wasnt long in learning that she thought Whatever else the Civil War was for, It wasnt just to keep the States together, Nor just to free the slaves, though it did both. She wouldnt have believed those ends enough To have given outright for them all she gave. Her giving somehow touched the principleThat all men are created free and equal. And to hear her quaint phrasesso removed From the worlds view today of all those things. Thats a hard mystery of Jeffersons. What did he mean? Of course the easy way Is to decide it simply isnt true. It may not be. I heard a fellow say so. But never mind, the Welshman got it plantedWhere it will trouble us a thousand years. Each age will have to reconsider it. . . . For, dear me, why abandon a belief Merely because it ceases to be true. Cling to it long enough, and not a doubt It will turn true again, for so it goes. Most of the change we think we see in life Is due to truths being in and out of favor. There it is. One couldnt say half so much if one were tragic. FroastCopyright 1951 by Mark Van Doren. Permission to reproduce granted by Charles and John Van Doren, executors. Allrights reserved. The Atlantic Monthly; June, 1951; Robert Frosts America; Volume 187, No. 6; pages 32-34.

Social Comparison Theory

With regards to questions about identity, the average person responds by comparing himself to others. However, it is important to point out that the person compares himself to people that are in his immediate vicinity. Comparisons are made based on unique attributes, such as, age, gender, eye color, and height.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Comparison Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the average person relies on distinguishing features in self-description (Kassin, Fein, Markus, 2014). Interestingly, the answer to the question does not remain constant. If the interviewer has the power to change the person’s social surroundings, then, he must also expect a different set of answers based on the same questions. Therefore, the self is a â€Å"relative† social construct (Kassin, Fein, Markus, 2014). The significance of social comparison theory is in the idea that an indivi dual has the capability to change his behavior, and how he perceives himself. Defining Social Comparison Theory The core concept of social comparison theory is the brainchild of Leon Festinger. He pointed out that a person belongs to a particular social group. Festinger added that the said social group influences a person’s opinion and abilities. Social comparison theory asserts that a person’s self-description is dependent on information gleaned from observing family members, friends, acquaintances, and other important person in the lives of the interviewee. Festinger asserted that, â€Å"individuals adopted a group’s standards by comparing their own opinions, and abilities with the consensus in the group, and modifying their views so that they were in accordance with the group’s norms† (Krizan Gibbons, 2014, p.39). Festinger emphasized the idea that â€Å"individuals compare themselves to others in order to seek information about the world and their place in it† (Krizan Gibbons, 2014, p.39).  It is important to point out, that to some extent self-description is even influenced by the â€Å"fleeting, everyday exposure to strangers† (Kassin, Fein, Markus, 2014, p.64). Nevertheless, the average person compares himself to those who are similar to him in relevant ways. For example, a college student will determine his reading ability based on how he sees himself in comparison to other college students. He will not compare himself to high school students.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Significance of Social Comparison Theory Social comparison theory’s biggest contribution is the discovery that â€Å"the more uncertain people are, the more they will rely on those comparison for definition and validation† (Gerber, 1999, p.173). As a consequence, â€Å"individuals resolve their uncert ainties by reference to groups, and that group definition often comes from comparison with other groups (Gerber, 1999, p.173). One of the problematic stages in personal development occurs during the teenage years when an individual is least uncertain and more vulnerable. Teenagers are prone to make choices that will negatively affect their future. It is therefore interesting to apply social comparison theory in crafting strategies that will help solve social problems involving teenagers. There are a variety of ways that social scientists can apply insights gleaned from the study of social comparison theory. Two of the most exciting areas are in the study of gang-related violence, and the creation of more effective intervention strategies in cases involving alcoholism or drug addiction. In this regard it is important to point out that the family is the â€Å"primary and most influential group for comparison, and for establishment of lifestyle† (Gerber, 1999, p.173). The focus must be on the family. It is imperative to support parents. It is imperative to focus resources to families in order to help parents build a strong family structure. Community resources must be redirected to the family. When it comes to gang-related problems, it is imperative to consider the impact of the group when it comes to validation, and the establishment of the person’s lifestyle. It is therefore foolish to attempt reforming behavior without creating a mechanism that can help the individual receive positive validation and develop a different kind of lifestyle. This is perhaps the reason why Alcoholics Anonymous is successful in helping people change their behavior towards the consumption of liquor. Alcoholics Anonymous created a new group or an environment filled with new social interconnections that help the individual create new social norms. Conclusion Social comparison theory has many applications. This theory offers insights when it comes to personal development a nd human behavior. However, one of the key aspects of social comparison theory is the way it explains how an individual’s self-description is influenced by social factors that surround him.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Comparison Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to this theory, â€Å"self† is a relative construct. This is an interesting insight into human behavior and personal development. This theory can be utilized to solve social issues, such as, gang-related violence and drug addiction. It means that a person is dependent on social factors when it comes to altering behavior. It is therefore important to strengthen family structures. In the struggle against gang-related violence and drug addiction, half the battle is already won if a child belongs to a family that can help him establish a positive lifestyle. With regards to individuals that needed a way out of their troubled past, counselors and intervention specialists must develop a mechanism that will enable patients to generate positive validation. They need a mechanism that will help them establish a new kind of lifestyle. It can be argued that Alcoholics Anonymous is successful in helping people overcome destructive behavior, because they create a new environment that helps patients alter their â€Å"self† construct in a positive way. References Gerber, S. (1999). Enhancing counselor intervention strategies: An integrational  viewpoint. PA: Taylor Francis Group. Kassin, S., Fein, S., Markus, H. (2014). Social psychology. CA: Cengage Learning. Krizan, Z. Gibbons, F. (2014). Communal functions of social comparison.  New York: Cambridge University Press.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on Social Comparison Theory was written and submitted by user Amanda Mcgee to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.