Physics of Rollercoasters :: rollercoaster physics amusement theme park

There is a click, and the car you are sitting in is jerked. The chains that are cranking the car forward continue to make click click sounds and you find yourself counting them as seconds. Your heart begins to beat hard, and you hold your breath in anticipation as the car finally begins to transcend the first hill. Suddenly, you find yourself throwing your arms in the air to feel the air brush passed your face. Screams of terror and delight pierce through the air as you and your fellow passengers bank around the first curve and enter the first loop-de-loop. This is one possible experience a person can feel once they enter the realm of roller coasters. So, exactly how did this thrill-seeking amusement park ride develop? How does physics make it seem more dangerous than biking down the street? These questions as well as others can be answered in the pages contained on this site. Originally, roller coasters were developed in Russia during the 15th century. It consisted of people walking up an ice-covered hill, only to sit down on what was known as an ice-block sled and fly back down the hill. These contraptions, though rickety and quite dangerous at the time, began to appear all over in Russia. Their popularity increased, spreading to various countries in Europe before finally reaching the United States. The Mauch Chunk Railway was the first built in America. However, it was not originally intended to be a thrill ride. Instead it was used for easier transportation of coal downhill. Then, someone gained the bright idea to use it as a ride. So by day, the Mauch Chunk Railway was used for work, and by night for fun. For the next few years, roller coasters held the imagination. Most were built out of wood, and would have several hills, the force of gravity completing the ride. When the Great Depression began to ravage the land, roller coasters took a side seat though. Several were even taken down do to the bankruptcy of the parks. It was not until the late 1950s, when roller coasters came back with a completely new style. Walt Disney helped revolutionize the design by going from wooden to steel coasters. The first one, which appeared in Disneyland, was a simple bob-style Matterhorn, designed by Ed Morgan and Karl Bacon of the Arrow Development Company. With this new way of making roller coasters, more designs and ideas came to the surface.

Essay on Romantics and Merchants in The Merchant of Venice :: Merchant Venice Essays

Romantics and Merchants in The Merchant of Venice  Ã‚   Shakespeare's comedies usually follow a clearly defined pattern. He presents a conflict, and the characters eventually resolve the conflict in a relatively happy ending, which involves marrying off the hero and his entourage to the heroine and her companions, leaving the villain outside the "magic circle" of protagonists. In The Merchant of Venice, Antonio is presented as the hero, and Shylock the villain, but neither is within the circle of marriages at the end of Act V. In fact, Antonio's depression exposed at the beginning of the play seems unresolved at the end, and he goes on his melancholy way, as he supposes he must. Can The Merchant of Venice, then, be considered a true comedy? The strongest argument discounting Merchant as a true comedy is that though Antonio appears to be the major protagonist in the story, he is also as far outside the magic circle as his villain, Shylock. While Bassanio, Portia, and their associated parties marry off at the end of Act V, Antonio is left to his ships and his money, still going about his depressed way. At the beginning of the play, Antonio expresses his dissatisfaction with his situation to his friends. "I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano, a stage where every man must play a part, and mine a sad one" (I.i.81-83). Throughout the play, and Shylock's relentless pursuit of his macabre repayment, Antonio remains in this dreary, defeated state. He seems almost too eager to end his suffering at the hands of his debtors and his apparently lost business. "Grieve not that I am fall'n to this for you," he tells Bassanio in court, "for herein Fortune shows herself more kind than is her custom: it is still her use to let the wretched man outlive his wealth, to view...an age of poverty, from which ling'ring penance of such misery doth she cut me off" (IV.i.278-284). He begs the court to make no more attempts to save his life, comparing such futile endeavors to abate the flood waters or question the wolf's killing of sheep (IV.i.71-84). Completely resigned to his grisly fate, he announces, "I am a tainted wether of the flock, meetest for death. The weakest kind of fruit drops earliest to the ground, and so let me" (IV.i.116-118). Even in Act V, after the dispute with Shylock is decided in Antonio's favor, the melancholy merchant plays no role in the resolution of the play.

Computers and Family Life :: Technology Essays

Computers and Family Life Computers have had both positive and negative effects on family life. As more and more families are beginning to own there own computers, the effects of computers are becoming more recognized. Negative effects include the separation/isolation of family members, and parents bringing their work home instead of leaving it at work. Linking extended families together is one positive effect that computers have had on family life. Overall computers have had a negative effect on family life. One negative effect of computers on family life is less human contact between family members. In my family, all of us have our own computers that are kept in separate rooms. So if I’m checking my mail on my computer, and my sister is in her room on her computer, we are isolated from each other and cannot talk to each other face to face. This results in less face to face human contact between family members. But just having one computer for a family can still cause less face-to-face contact. If one person is using the computer no one else wants to just sit and do nothing while the computer is being used, so they will go to a different room and each person will end up doing their own thing. Causing less family time, and less human contact within the family. The use of computer games is another thing that has caused less human contact between family members. Before computers were used in the home, if someone wanted to play a game, they usually had to find at least one other family member to play a board game or card game with them. That forced families to send more time talking to each other. Now if someone wants to play a game that requires more than one person, they can just go on the computer and either play online against another person, or they can play against the computer. Playing games on the computer makes in easier to be isolated from physical contact with other family members. Now that you don’t have to ask person in your family to play a game, most families don’t spend as much time talking to each other and learning about each other. Another negative cause that computers have on family life is that many people now bring their work home with them instead of leaving it at work the way they used to.

On the Run – A short story

The sound of the door swinging shut was deafening in the semi darkness and humid conditions that seemed to stick, like glue to the inner walls of the room. The harsh winter wind caught on the light doorframe, holding the door ajar for a moment, before relinquishing it, letting it slam shut. As the closing door cut out the last glimmers of the grim outside world, a hooded figure was left standing in the dim half-light. From what the man sitting in the corner of the room could tell, the figure that now presented itself to the rest of the room was about 6'1 and unlike any other that had entered the room that night. Peering over the peak of his newspaper in order to get a better look, the man in the corner watched as the hooded figure slowly made its way toward the centre of the room. The figure then stopped and seemed to inhale its surrounding, tension permeated the air. The man slowly began to feel for his Sig Sauer SP2022 pistol, while not taking his gaze off of the figure before him. The room was a cool neutral yellow colour with peeling paint and dusty fixtures, a few dull landscape paintings hung from the walls. Though a great chandelier was suspended in the centre the ceiling, the room was lit by a dull, dust covered standing lamp in the corner of the room, the blinds on the windows had been purposely and securely shut in order to stop prying eyes. The only two doors leading out of the room were both wooden and had heavy chips and scars engraved on their surfaces, there was a strong smell of dust saturated with bleach in the air. As the man's fingers touched and began to grip the cold metallic surface of the pistols handle, not a single bead of sweat fell from his forehead. Nor did any fall from any of the other 6 men placed around the room, not a single hand quivered with unease or a single gaze differed from figure before them, as they all began to reach for similar high performance polymer framed firearms that they concealed beneath their crisp designer jackets. The man, now sitting a little more upright, began to lower his newspaper ever so slowly, while with the other hand, fixing a cold metal silencer to the end of his weapon, if this was going to get interesting, the man thought to himself, no need to alert the outside world to their presence, they were after all, on the job. It would only take a single precise round to piece the figures carotid artery in the neck and kill the figure instantly. If it were not the man sitting in the corner who took the shot then it would be any of the other 6 men in the room. As the man's thoughts began to drift to the outside world, he was forced to catch himself and bring his mind back to the figure before him. It had been almost been a minute since the hooded figure entered the room and not a single word had been uttered. Then a door, opposite the door the hooded figure had enter by opened, and out of it came the reason that the 7 individuals had been called to the location that evening, a man talking on a phone, wearing a pristine black suit with the top button undone and the tie loosened. The man seemed almost out of place in the room, the walls of the room were sweating with anxiety, but this man walked in with a smile on his face as he talked down the phone about how everything he had planed was coming to fruition. As the man's gaze fell upon the hooded figure before him however, his look changed, his smile was lost and he ended his call. The room was returned to the arid silence, the man was now wearing a look of desperation that was slowly turning acceptance. The man uttered a single word in a foreign language and then returned to silence. The hooded figure in the centre of the room finally moved, the man sitting in the corner raised his weapon, but it was already to late. Time seemed to slow down as the figures outer coat started to fall to the floor, in the time it took for the heavy black coat to fall, eight metallic clicks shuddered the heavy air and eight soft thuds then followed, as the eight hand crafted silenced bullets cut through the air and found their targets, in the forms of the soft necks of the surrounding men that were still attempting to raise their weapons. It was all over in an instant, time resumed and the eight fresh bullet casing fell to the dusty floor, shortly followed by seven dead bodies. For one body was not completely lifeless when it hit the ground, the body of the man that had previously been seated in the corner still retained some life, though due to the fatal bullet wound in the neck, that remaining life was not going to linger. The man could only watch as body that he no longer seemed to control was rapidly loosing blood, his heart was slowly and it was becoming increasingly hard to think. He watched in pure agony as his lifeblood formed a pool around his head, seeping through the cracks in the floorboards and soaking his hair. As the life drained out of him, he managed to look upward toward the hooded figure once more as the figure proceeded to fire a further 2 shots in to the lifeless torso of the mans employer. The man could take no more, he shut his eyes and let deaths cold embrace take him. Moments later a police traffic camera filmed a hooded figure wearing a heavy black coat exiting a ordinary house, in a row of 3 other ordinary houses on South Portland Avenue between DeKalb and Lafayette Avenues in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, the figure was then lost by the camera as the it disappeared in to the bustling sea of people making their way up and down the crowded Avenue on that cold New York winters night. Now he's on the run.

Is School Uniform A Good Idea Essay

Is school uniform a good idea? What is it good for? These questions are asked time and time again by pupils. In this essay I plan to explore the issue and discuss whether or not it’s a good or bad idea. Teens often complain and criticize about how uncomfortable school uniforms are and how they do not live up to their fashion standards. On the other hand, teachers argue that school uniform keeps students looking smart and the uniform helps identify any unknown person from entering the school, Furthermore students argue that everyone looks the same and the uniform is tedious and boring. A reason why school uniform is a good idea is it saves your clothes: but you’d like to show off your dear clothes. In my opinion I rather waste a two dollar primark top than 178 prada shirt, but obviously some people feel they would be bulled for not wearing dear clothes this is because in the society we now live in has a high demanad on having the â€Å"perfect† fashion look. On school outings teachers say that it’s easier to identify their students if they are wearing school uniforms, but this takes away the students creativeness, and they are unable to cnver their own style and wear what they feel comfortable in. Although some pupils will try and change their uniform to make them look more unique but teachers quickly catch on to this and demand that we wear what they call the â€Å"appropiate uniform†. Teens like to be different and have their own style but by schools demanding that everyone obeys the dress code, students will all look the same. An argument for school uniform is that if students were to wear what they like the less fortunate pupils would stand out and they would be bullied because they cannot afford the newest clothes, this would cause the bullying rate to go up and lower pupils self esteem and make them feel as if they cannot be themselves in scoiety. But I do think that if pupil were allowed to wear non-uniform the worry to have the latest fashion would in stages, fade away because everyone would get used to wearing normal clothes and then it wouldn’t be such a big thing not to wear uniform. Schools indubitably love uniform; in contrast to this view, students absolutely hate them! School s think uniform looks smart likewise so do most parents. In addition pupils sometimes do not follow the schools dress code and this makes teachers irate, and sometimes this leads up to pupils getting sent home. In recent years some schools have relaxed and accepted some different styles on the other hand some schools have strict rules that include girls only to wear skirts. I feel that making this demand some girls are being discriminated against because they might not want to wear a skirt because of their religion or they have a medical issue (skin problem). A reason for school uniform is that it makes the school look smart and represents the community. The usual uniform complies of a shirt, tie and trousers and also a sweatshirt for some people this is very uncomfortable: but this is a major improvement since the 1930’s when the uniform was restricted to a plain blazer and a shirt touched your ankles, and for p.e pupils were reduced to wearing underwear and basic sand shoes. Another good advantage of school uniform is that the big shop competitors like Asda and Tesco etc. Are competing with each other to provide good value uniforms for a better price this is also putting on pressur for the top range shops to reduce their prices to keep up with the cheaper ones. One disadvantage of school uniform is sometimes after the period of going back to school, the shops discontinue stocking the uniform and it makes it hard for the parents to buy a bigger size that there child has grown too, therefore a lot of pupils come into school not wearing uniform because it doesn’t fit them anymore. Sources say that a student in school uniform is more likely to take school seriously. Putting on school uniform signals that he/she wants to learn and that they are complying of the rules which you must undertake when you go to work. However some students don’t want to follow rules, forcing them to wear a uniform this only makes them more determined to be rebillious and wear what they want. In conclusion I think school uniform is a bad idea because it has no effect of the outcome at the end of the pupils school years however school uniform makes the school appear more pleasant and also makes the pupils look smart.

Business Culture in Turkey

Business Culture Overview A brief overview of Etiquette/Relationships, Business Negotiations, and Communication when dealing with business in Turkey. Etiquette and Relationships Business etiquette in Turkey revolves around personal relationships. Appointments are necessary and should be made in advance. Avoid making these appointments during Ramadan and the months of July and August. Be punctual, although be prepared to be kept waiting for appointments or meetings. Small talk is welcomed during business meetings, do not open up with the business matter at hand immediately.Have all documents in English and Turkish, as well to include charts, graphs, and visual aids. When dressing for business in Turkey, it should be conservative. Exchanging of business cards is a sign of trust from most businessmen. It is important to shake hands when entering, however not so when departing. Business Negotiation Always come to Turkey knowing two things. Success is defined by your ability to establish to build effective personal relationships. Business is personal. Many businesses are still family run although it is changing with MNC’s growing fast.The first meeting is purely social, then from there it will be about business. Do not include any surprises or mystery to your proposal. They are more inclined to visual objects, so include charts, graphs, statistics in presentation. Decision making tends to be slow, it has to pass from less senior members all the way up the hierarchy. Turkish businessmen will start at extremes to engage responses. Know your target figure and work to compromise to a number in the middle. Do not use any pressure tactics or abrupt deadlines because they will just reverse this tactic right back at you and it may drive them away from the deal.Communication Turkish people prefer to conduct business with people they are very trustworthy of. Courtesy is crucial in all business settings. Stand close while conversing, do not back away as it considered ru de. Do not be impatient, many initial questions will not be about the topic at hand, but rather about family, children, soccer and more. Turks are proud to answer questions about their history, culture, but avoid political history. It is vital to maintain eye contact while talking, it is a sign of sincerity. Make sure any gifts are appropriate if given. It is not customary for them to exchange gifts in a business setting however.

Indian Financial System

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT ON INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM & SOURCES OF LONG TERM AND SHORT TERM FINANCES SUBMITTED BY, PREMJITH. A P10144 PGDM 2010-12 INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The financial system in india refers to the system of borrowing and lending of funds or the demand for and the supply of funds of all individuals, institutions, companies and of the government.Commonly the Indian financial system is classified into: * Industrial finance: funds required for the conduct of industry and trade * Agricultural finance: funds needed and supplied for the conduct of agriculture and allied activity * Development finance: funds needed for development; actually it includes both industrial finance and agricultural finance * Government finance: relates to the demand for a nd supply of funds to meet government expenditure The mobilization of savings and the effective distribution of the savings among all those who demand the funds for investment purposes. The banking system, the insurance companies, mutual funds, investment funds and other institutions which promote savings among the public, collect their savings and transfer them to the actual investors * The investor in the country composed of individuals investors, industrial investors, industrial and trading companies and the government, these enters in the financial system as borrowers. FUNCTIONS OF INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The Indian financial system performs a crucial role in economic development of india through saving investment process also known as capital formation. Sometimes it is also calls financial market.The purpose of financial market is to mobile savings efficiently and allocates the same efficiency among the ultimate users of funds, ie: investors * Increase in savings, that is resources that are would have been normally used for consumption purposes should be released for other purposes. * Mobilization of savings – domestic savings collected by banking and financial institutions and placed at disposal of actual investors; and * Investment proper, which is the production of capital goods. COMPOSITION OF THE INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The Indian money market is the market in which short term funds are borrowed and lent.The capital market in india on the other hand, is the market for medium- term and long term funds. Reserve bank of india Organized sector Sub Market Unorganized sector Public sector banks Private sector banks NBFC IDFC, GIC, LIC Call money T- Bills Certificate for Deposit Commercial Papers SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM FUNDS SHARES Shares comes in the Long term funds. A share is a unit of capital of the company. It has a definite face value. It represents ownership rights of their holders. Buyers of shares are called shareholder and they are legal owners of the firm whose shares they hold.Each shareholder invest their money in the shares of a company in exception of a return on their investment capital. The return of shareholder consists of dividend and capital g ain. Share holder make capital gain or (loss) by selling their share. Each share carries a distinct number. Shares are transferable units. Shareholders are of two type ORDINARY and PREFERENCE shareholders. Preference share: These shares have preference over the ordinary shares in terms of payment of dividend and repayment of capital if company is wound up. They may be issued with or without a maturity period.REDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARE are shares with maturity and IRREDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARES without any maturity. The holder of preference shares get dividend at a fixed rate. With regards to dividend, preference shares may be issued with or without cumulative features. In the case of CUMULATIVE PREFERENCE SHARES unpaid dividends accumulate and are payable in the future. Dividends in arrears do not accumulate in the case of NON CUMULATIVE PREFERENCE SHARES. Features of Preference share Claim on income and assets: preference share is a senior security as compared to ordinary share.It has a prior claim on the company’s income in the sense that the company must first pay preference share dividend before paying the ordinary dividend. Fixed dividend: The dividend rate are fixed in the case of preferences share, and preference dividend are not tax deductable. Cumulative dividend: that all past unpaid dividend be paid before the ordinary dividends are paid. Ordinary Shares: represents the ownership position in a company. The holders of ordinary shares called shareholders are the legal owners of the company. Ordinary shares are the sources of permanent capital since they do not have a maturity date.However, the ordinay shareholders are entitled to receive dividends. The amount or rate of dividends are not fixed. An ordinary share is called variable income security. Being the owner the company, shareholders bear the risk of ownership; they are entitled to dividends after the income claims of others have been satisfied. Similarly, when the company is wound up, th ey can exercise their claim on assets after the claims of other suppliers of capital have been met. Features of Ordinary shares: Claims on income: Ordinary shareholders have a residual ownership claim.They have a claim to the residual income, which is earnings available for ordinary shareholder after paying expenses, interest charges, taxes and preference dividend. Claim on asset: Ordinary shareholder have residual claim on company asset in case of liquidation. Voting rights: Ordinary shareholder are required to vote on a number of important matters. The most significant proposals include: election of directors and change in memorandum of association. RIGHTS ISSUE When company distributes all earnings to shareholders, then, it can reacquire new capital from the same sources by issuing new shares called rights shares.BONDS A bond is a long term debt instrument or security. Bonds issued by the government do not have any risk of defaults. The private sector companies also issue bonds, which are called debentures. A company can issue secured and unsecured debenture. In case of bonds and debentures, the rate of interest is generally fixed and known to investors. Features of Bonds * Face value is the par value. A bond is generally issued at a par value of Rs:100 or Rs:1000, and interest in paid on face value. * Interest rate is fixed and known to bondholders.Interest paid on a bond is tax deductable. Interest rate is called coupon rate. * Maturity bond is generally issued for a specified period of time. It is repaid on maturity. * Redemption value The value that a bondholder will get on maturity is called redemption or maturity value. A bond may be redeemed at par or at premium or at discount. * Market value A bond may be traded in a stock exchange. The price at which it is currently sold or bought is called the market value of the bond. Market value may be different from par value or redemption value.Bonds may be classified into three (1) Bond with maturity (2) Pur e discount bonds (3) Perpetual bonds Bond with maturity The companies issue bonds that specify the interest rate and the maturity period. Pure discount bonds These bonds do not carry an explicit rate of interest. It provides for the payment lump sum amount at a future date in exchange for the current price of bond. Perpetual bonds These bonds are also consols, has an indefinite life and therefore, it has no maturity value. Types of Debentures * Convertible debenture (CD) * Non convertible debenture (NCD) * Fully convertible debenture (FCD) * Partly convertible debenture (PCD)WARRANTS A warrant entitles the purchaser to buy a fixed number of ordinary shares at a particular price during a specified time period. Warrants are generally issued along with debentures as sweeteners. Warrants are used in conjunction with ordinary or preference shares. Characteristics of Warrants Exercise price of a warrant is the price at which its holder can purchase the issuing firms ordinary shares. Exerc ise ratio states the number of ordinary shares that can be purchased at the exercise per warrants. Expiration date is the date when the option to buy ordinary shares in exchange of warrants expires.Detachability the warrant can either be a detachable or non detachable. Detachable warrants Warrant can be sold separately from debentures to which it is originally attached Non detachable warrants cannot be sold separately from the debenture to which it was originally attached. Some of the other methods used for raising long term capitals, * CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERNCE SHARE * DERIVATIVE SECURITIES * BORROWING FROM FINANCIAL INSTITUTION (BANKS) SHORT TERM FUNDS It is the market for near money, or it is the market for lending and borrowing of short funds.It is the market for lending and borrowing short term surplus investible funds of banks and other financial institution are demanded by borrowers comprising individual companies and the government. The composition of Indian money mar ket consist of Call money market One important submarket of the Indian money market is the Call money market, which is the market for very short term funds. This market is also known as money at call and short notice. This market has two segments (a) the call market or overnight market and (b) short notice market. The rate at which unds are borrowed and lent in this market is called the call money market. Call money rates are market determined by demand and supply of short term funds. The public sector banks account for about 80% for the demand and foreign banks and Indian private sector banks account for the balance of 20% of borrowings. NBFC’s like IDBI, GIC, LIC are call money market lenders. Bill market in India The bill market ir the discount market is the most important part of the money market where short bills normally up to 90days are bought and sold. The bill market is further subdivided into commercial bill market and treasury bill market.The 91 day treasury bills are the most common ways the government of india raises funds for the short period. Government has also introduced the 182 day T-Bills and 364 day T-bills, In 1997 government introduced 14 day T-Bill. Dated government securities The government of india has also decided to sell dated securities on an auction basis. The purpose of this government decision is: * To develop dated securities as a monetary instrument with flexible yields * To provide financial instrument to suit investors expectation, and * To meet Government needs directly from the market.Repo and reverse repos Repos are now a regular feature of RBI’s market operations, If the banking system experience liquidity shortage, then RBI comes to assist banking system by repurchasing government securities. When the government securities are repurchased from the market, payment is made by RBI to commercial banks and this adds to their liquidity and enables them to expand their credit to industry and trade. Reverse repo is to sell dated securities through auction at fixed cut off rate of interest.The objective is to provide short term avenue to banks to park their surplus funds. Certificate of Deposits (CD) The CD’s are another important money market instrument. They were issued by banks in multiples of Rs:25 lakhs to expand the investor base of CD’s, the min: value was reduced and is presently Rs: 1 lakhs. The maturity is between 3 months and one year. CD ‘s are freely transferable after 45 days after the date of issue. CD’s became immediately popular with banks for raising resources at competitive rates of interest.Commercial papers (CP) The commercial papers are issued by companies with networth of Rs 10 crores, later reduced to Rs: 5 crores. The CP is issued multiples of Rs. 25 lakhs subject to minimum issue of Rs 1 crore. The maturity of Cp is between 3 to 6 months. The purpose of introducing CP is to enable high level corporate borrowers to diversify their source of s hort term borrowings on the one hand and provide an additional instrument to the banks and financial instrument in the money market.Reference: Financial Management by I M Pandey